Author 1 :- Suneeta Devi ( Research Scholar )
Author 2 :- Dr. Deepak Sharma ( Associate Professor )
The space industry has experienced exponential growth since humanity's inaugural foray into space over six decades ago, heralding a new era of technological prowess and scientific achievements. However, this progress has brought forth significant challenges, chief among them being the proliferation of space debris. Advancements in rocket technology have led to reduced launch costs, resulting in an extensive network of more than 9,000 active satellites orbiting the Earth. Yet, alongside these operational satellites, approximately 12,000 trackable and an estimated 1 million non-trackable space debris objects exist, including defunct satellites, all hurtling through space at extreme velocities. This debris poses grave threats to functioning satellites, spacecraft, and astronauts, with frequent collisions exacerbating the issue by generating further debris. As nations and private entities intensify their investments in space exploration, the impending deployment of mega-constellations raises concerns of triggering the Kessler Syndrome—a chain reaction of collisions rendering Low Earth Orbit impassable. This paper critically evaluates existing literature on space debris, scrutinizing its origins, associated risks, and the prevailing legal frameworks governing debris mitigation. It underscores the imperative of international collaboration to safeguard the sustainability of our celestial environment, particularly amidst the surge of planned mega-constellations. Various active debris removal techniques, such as laser-based removal, net capture, harpooning, and passive methods like Drag Augmented Sails, are investigated for efficacy and feasibility within current technological constraints. Moreover, regulatory measures are analyzed to underscore their role in complementing technological innovations and fostering international cooperation. A holistic approach integrating regulatory frameworks, collaborative efforts, and technological advancements is advocated to address the escalating threat of space debris and ensure the long-term viability of space exploration endeavors. In summary, this paper offers a comprehensive examination of the space debris landscape, its perils, and a spectrum of mitigation strategies geared toward preserving the integrity of space exploration.
